Nepals Participation In UN Peacekeeping

Nepals Participation In UN Peacekeeping Nepal has been partaking in UN peacekeeping missions since three years after it turned into an individual from the UN, and has contributed various peacekeepers in different missions. Nepal recognized 50 years of interest in UN harmony bolster activities in 2008 and was the fourth biggest troop supporter of UN peacekeeping missions in 2004 and fifth biggest in 2009. [1] Nepal considers its commitment to UN peacekeeping tasks as a device for actualizing Nepalese international strategy, which is guided by the standards of UN Charter.â [2]â Generally, Nepals move towards disguise was a push to seek after international strategy objectives. The Nepalese Armys peacekeeping support was a vital part of that exertion. The UN has given a significant gathering to littler nations like Nepal to seek after its national advantages and exercise international strategy with pride and sovereignty. [3] It has additionally given little nations good and physical security from animosity, obstruction, and encroachment.â [4]â Nepals significant commitment in UN peacekeeping activities came during the second popularity based period, 1990-2005. Nepal began sending troops under the arrangement of Chapter VII of UN Charter, when its soldiers partook in harmony authorization crucial Somalia in 1993. The Nepalese Army (NA) procured some understanding and polished methodology by working with other expert armed forces. Partaking in UN peacekeeping missions is likewise a chance to be operational in the field. [5] Before its association in counterinsurgency activities in Nepal in 2001, the NA had a not many chances to convey its fighters in the field to sharpen their aptitudes. What's more, working with regular citizens during peacekeeping missions has significantly adjusted its way to deal with manage various issues. In any case, from 1990 through the finish of 2000 was 10 years described by strategy irregularities between the militarys internationalism and the legislatures inner direction. The NA was exclusively centered around its worldwide peacekeeping crucial, the ideological groups were caught in residential legislative issues. There was a reasonable hole between the states approach and the working of one of the instrument of national force, the military. At the key level, Nepal came up short on a sound arrangement that would permit it to standardize the experience picked up in universal missions. Considerably after political difference in 2005, this pattern appears to be continuous. My exertion in this paper is examine this uniqueness in Nepal. Before stay upon the center issue, I endeavor to give a concise record of the Nepalese peacekeeping interest in various political situations. Nepalese Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions in Different Periods In the wake of turning into an individual from the UN in 1955, Nepal took part in the 1958 peacekeeping crucial Lebanon, UNOGIL. Nepal has since added to UN missions in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the Caribbean. The principal Nepalese brigade measured unforeseen, the Purano Gorakh Battalion, was sent in Egypt with UNEF II in 1974. All through the entire Panchayat time frame, the NA took an interest in six distinctive peacekeeping missions. [6] Nepalese peacekeepers have since made significant commitments. There was a flood in NA cooperation in peacekeeping missions after the foundation of multiparty popular government and protected government in 1990. [7] The foundation of a multiparty vote based framework in Nepal was a consequence of the overall third rush of democratization. Different pieces of the world saw comparable political disturbance, strife and change. During this period, most of NA troops were sent in harmony authorization and multidimensional peacekeeping tasks in which inner outfitted clashes comprised the serious issues. At the point when the Maoists propelled a furnished battle against the administration, the NA confronted a test to keep taking part in peacekeeping missions. In any case, with the progressive increment in the size of the NA after its inclusion in counterinsurgency activities, interest in peacekeeping tasks was did not frustrate anymore. Nepal has partaken in peacekeeping missions in different clash zones, and a portion of the NAs high positioning officials have filled key arrangements in peacekeeping missions. Not just different power administrators and high-positioning authorities who straightforwardly screen and direct universal peacekeeping in the field say that the NAs strategic is praiseworthy, yet in addition UN Secretary General has adulated Nepalese peacekeepers. [8] Its peacekeeping commitments permitted Nepal to turn into an authoritative advisory group individual from the UN Peace Building Commission for 2008/2009 in the class of troop-contributing countries.â [9]â As of May 2010, Nepal has contributed 76,610 soldiers in 35 missions around the world, and at present, the NA has conveyed in excess of 4,420 peacekeepers in 12 distinct missions in the limit of military onlookers, military contact officials, staff officials in mission home office, and as unexpected individuals. The legislature of Nepal has marked to make 5,000 soldiers accessible, as and when mentioned, to the UN Standby Arrangement System (UNSAS). [10] There has been no adjustment in the pattern of Nepalese peacekeeping investment since its first association. In any case, Nepal faces a few difficulties in peacekeeping. Aside from some strategic and the executives challenges, charges of human rights infringement are additionally messing some up in late years. [11] Despite these issues, peacekeeping investment has been proceeding. The between time government drove by the Nepali Congress party, the Maoist-drove government, and the CPN (UML) government all underscored and applauded the Nepals peacekeeping cooperation wholeheartedly. Most NA individuals have taken an interest in an UN peacekeeping strategic least once in their military profession. Subsequent to serving for a couple of years in the military, practically all NA officials partake in UN peacekeeping missions more than once. Partaking in UN peacekeeping is an open door for proficient upgrade for some Nepalese officers. Aside from picking up understanding, Nepalese Army work force additionally get fiscal advantages that help increase their living expectations and keep them roused during peacekeeping exercises and in their own nation. The UN remittance is four to multiple times higher than a standard compensation in Nepal. At the institutional level, monetary advantages from peacekeeping have become a significant hotspot for the government assistance support. At national level it has essentially added to national economy and outside cash store. This shows peacekeeping missions have become the NAs one of the major roles. [12] The Nepalese Armys conti nuous investment in peacekeeping missions during two significant political unrests in 1990 and 2006 and during its dynamic association in counterinsurgency activities demonstrate that the NA has been changing into a peacekeeper military as depicted by Paul Shemella.â [13]â In its numerous long periods of UN peacekeeping missions, Nepal has experienced through different encounters and development forms. The idea of peacekeeping missions rose up out of the idea of aggregate security established in the idea of aggregate safeguard that looks to shape coalitions against any state which submits a demonstration of hostility. During the Cold War, peacekeeping was constrained to mediating troops between hawkish gatherings, overseeing and confirming truces, and watching, checking, and detailing. Peacekeeping obligations were constrained to keeping up business as usual, and accentuation was given on unprejudiced nature and least utilization of the power, in which nonpartisan nations like Nepal, instead of the lasting individuals from the UN Security Council, played a vital role. [14] These missions were commanded by Chapter VI of UN contract. Nepal contributed peacekeepers to missions under Chapter VI. The unimportant nearness of blue head protectors was suff icient to limit the clashing gatherings from further threats. Non-authorization was the standard of conventional peacekeeping. Gatherings were stopped from depending on power; sending of peacekeepers started subsequent to battling ended; peacekeepers used to make cradles without holding onto region; and as opposed to a taking area, peacekeepers meant to reestablish arrange or guard the domain. During those days national contingents didn't need to make their own calculated plans, as the Wet Lease arrangement gave everything from bathroom tissue to tanks. Such courses of action made UN peacekeeping interest less testing to creating nations like Nepal. Government and military peacekeeping duties were constrained to settling on political or operational choices to take part specifically missions. The idea of contention changed with the finish of the Cold War, requiring another way to deal with peacekeeping missions and the approach of the second and third ages of peacekeeping missions. [15] The new multidimensional peacekeeping tasks concentrated on encouraging political procedures; making a protected and stable condition and fortifying state security mechanical assembly; and giving a system to guaranteeing that all UN and different entertainers seek after their exercises with close considerate and military collaboration as the way to progress. Despite the fact that Nepal takes part in the majority of the multidimensional peacekeeping missions, the absence of non military personnel cooperation in the Nepalese Armys peacekeeping endeavors has obstructed the most required changes in the current setting of multi-dimensional peacekeeping endeavors. The administration regards Nepalese peacekeeping investment as the sole privilege of the NA, demonstrating an absence of energy to organize and oversee these exercises. The Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Foreign Affairs have not been dynamic enough in overseeing peacekeeping endeavors. The way toward choosing, preparing, preparing, anticipating and fundamental

Computer-Based Career Information Systems Essay -- Technology Internet

PC Based Career Information Systems The proverb data is power can absolutely be applied to the marriage of vocation data with PCs. In a period that is described by a quickly changing business and word related viewpoint, the capacity to get to mechanized profession data has been enabling to both youth and grown-ups (Bloch 1989; Tice and Gill 1991). Characterized as every one of that individuals need to know to settle on decisions and make a move . . . comparable to their paid or unpaid word related exercises and corresponding to their groundwork for these exercises (Bloch 1989, p. 120), vocation data incorporates information about word related territories and explicit occupations; data about profession planning and where to acquire reasonable instruction and preparing; realities about business, including workplaces and suitable employment conduct; quest for new employment aptitudes; and self-information, for example, singular interests, qualities, and necessities. PCs are a perfect mechanism for conveying profession dat a since they can introduce current data unbiasedly in an intelligent arrangement that is engaging numerous customers (Harris-Bowlsbey 1992). Two classes of modernized frameworks that give data to profession arranging are PC based vocation direction frameworks (CCGS) and PC based profession data frameworks (CCIS) (Harris-Bowlsbey 1992; Mariani 1995-96). In spite of the fact that CCIS and CCGS share some normal highlights, they vary in two significant ways: CCIS give neighborhood work showcase data, while CCGS show vocation advancement ideas on the web (Harris-Bowlsbey 1992). Direction guides much of the time use CCIS related to customers, yet youth and grown-ups as often as possible access CCIS freely to get profession data. This Digest center... ...t: Concepts and Practices. second ed., altered by H. D. Lea and Z. B. Leibowitz. Alexandria, VA: National Career Development Association, 1992. Mariani, M. PCs and Career Guidance: Ride the Rising Tide. Occupational Outlook Quarterly 39, no. 4 (Winter 1995-1996): 16-27. National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee. Profession Information Delivery Systems. <http://www.profiles.iastate.edu/ided/ncdc/cidstogo.htm> May 1996. Phelan, T. D. Utilizing Technology to Provide Self-Directed Learning Options for Power Utility Employees. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education no. 64 (Winter 1994): 55-61. Tice, K. E., and Gill, S. J. Training Information Centers: An Evaluation. Journal of Career Development 18, no. 1 (Fall 1991): 37-50. Sites Link Job-Hunters with Career Possibilities. Columbus Dispatch, May 24, 1996, p. 3F.

How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely

How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely By Trisha Torrey facebook twitter linkedin Trisha Torrey is a patient empowerment and advocacy consultant. She has written several books about patient advocacy and how to best navigate the healthcare system. Learn about our editorial policy Trisha Torrey Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 26, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 06, 2020 Paul Bradbury/OJO Images/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If your doctor has prescribed you painkillers, you should be aware that pain drugs can be safe. Pain-relieving drugs, whether they are prescription or non-prescription, can help you feel better. But for a variety of reasons, painkillers can be dangerous, too. As youre probably aware, some people become dependent on painkillers or addicted to painkillers. Other dangers and side effects include stomach upset, dizziness, blurred vision, and liver damage. And if theyre taken incorrectly, painkillers can even cause death.?? Learn how these problems occur and the steps you can take to prevent them so you can be sure that your painkillers are safe. Do Read the labels and precautions Take your medication as directed Watch for side effects or interactions Don't Forget to tell your doctor about other meds youre taking Take more than the recommended dose Take other pain relievers as well Problems With Painkiller Prescriptions Even if you strictly follow the instructions, sometimes problems with painkillers can arise for the following reasons: Other medications. Your new pain drug prescription may conflict with a drug you already take.?? Its possible that every drug or supplement you take hasnt been recorded in the prescribing doctors records, or he or she may have overlooked a potentially conflicting drug. Or, you may have forgotten to mention a supplement you take that conflicts with the prescription.An allergic reaction. You may have an allergy to an ingredient in a pain drug that hasnt shown up before.??Your tolerance. You may be opiate naive, which means that your body is not used to opioids and does not tolerate them well.  Pharmacy error. When you purchase the drug at your pharmacy, they may accidentally give you the wrong drug or the wrong dose.Counterfeit pills. This is a growing issue, particularly with internet pharmacies.?? Your pharmacy may sell you a counterfeit version of a drug without realizing it. The Signs of a Pain Reliever Addiction Common Painkiller Safety Mistakes Its important to always follow the directions about how a painkilling drug should be taken. Mistakes can lead to difficult symptoms, temporary or permanent health damage, addiction, dependency or even death. Here are some of the mistakes people make with painkillers that can cause problems: Taking the drug incorrectly can mean you either end up with too much of the drug in your system, or too little.Taking drugs with other drugs can cause drug conflicts or contraindications.??Not taking the drug with food, or vice versa can make you sick, depending on the directions.Taking the next dose too soon can mean you overdose.?? Doing that frequently can lead to dependence and/or addiction.Using a second pain reliever may lead to toxic levels.??Waiting too long between doses may allow pain to breakthrough, or you may have withdrawal symptoms.Eating or drinking some foods and beverages  can interfere with pain drugs. This can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms and can even be dangerous. Alcohol, in particular, can be highly dangerous when mixed with many pain drugs.?? But even something seemingly benign like grapefruit juice can interfere with the pain-killing effect of your drugs.Abruptly stopping an opiate drug can cause  withdrawal symptoms like an increased heart rate, profuse sweating or anxiety. Taking Painkillers Safely Making sure your painkillers are safe begins from the moment your doctor writes you a prescription or you make a choice off the shelf in the drug store. Its your responsibility to take these steps to keep yourself safe: Be sure to read the labels and inserts when you purchase an over-the-counter pain reliever (like aspirin, acetaminophen or ibuprofen) or a prescription drug. These materials will warn you about everything from drug interactions to food interactions to possible damage from extended use. Use a magnifying glass to read them if necessary. If a painkiller you have been prescribed is new to the market, you should learn about the important steps to consider before you take a new drug.Remind your doctor about your other medications. If your doctor writes you a prescription, speak up about the other drugs and supplements you already take. Dont rely on your medical records because the information may be incomplete or your doctor could miss it.Ask the prescriber lots of questions. Youll find a master list of general prescription questions here. Some of them are specific to pain-killing drugs. Its important to ask things like: Is it OK to drive on this drug? Can I consume alcohol while Im taking this drug? And what steps can I take to avoid becoming dependent on or addicted to this drug?Find out which side effects are concerning. Once you begin taking the drug, you may experience side effects. Ask your doctor which side effects he wants to be informed about immediately.?? Vomiting profusely should probably be reported right away, for example, while dry mouth might be something you just have to live with. Be extra vigilant about side effects if you have not taken painkillers before because your body wont be used to them.Follow the directions for taking the drug exactly as prescribed. If you find your pain breaks through before its time for the next dose, dont just go ahead and take it early. Instead, contact your doctors office and ask what you should do. They may adjust the dose accordingly.Never just stop taking a painkilling drug on your own. Withdrawal is a nasty process and there are different ways to step down your dosage to make it easier on your body. If you feel it s time to give up your painkiller, speak to your doctor and ask about the best way to wean yourself off the drug.??Consider keeping a journal of your experience with the drugs you take. You may be taking painkillers for a period of time, especially if you have been badly hurt in an accident, or if you have developed a chronic pain disease. This is a good time to start a medication journal. Rate your pain against your pain drugs, doses, times of day, foods you eat and anything else that may factor in. If problems occur, you may be able to pinpoint when and why they began. Share your journal with your doctor, too.Finally, never take someone elses prescription pain drugs. They werent prescribed for you, and you cant know whether they will conflict with some other drug, supplement, beverage, or food you have consumed.?? Further, with advances in technology, like the use of databases to track who has been prescribed certain drugs, you may be caughtâ€"which will leave you with no legal wa y to get the medications you need. Consider Alternatives to Painkillers There may be other ways to relieve your pain that will work instead of, or in conjunction with, painkillers. You might consider complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) options or mind-body approaches to controlling pain. Or, read more about how to relieve pain without drugs. How Painkiller Addiction Happens

Childhood Obesity in Low Income Communities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1142 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Abstract One of the biggest problems in society today is childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition in which children are above the normal weight and height for their age. The percentage of overweight children in the United States is growing rapidly every day at an alarming rate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Obesity in Low Income Communities" essay for you Create order â€Å"Since 1980, the childhood obesity rates†¦ have tripled — with the rates of obese 6- to 11-year-olds more than doubling†¦ and rates of obese teens†¦ quadrupling† (Crowley). Over 30 percent of the American population is considered overweight or obese. â€Å"Obesity rates among adults and children in the United States have steadily risen in the past few decades. About 18.4 percent of 12-19 year olds are overweight or obese and childhood obesity often continues into adulthood† (Arbor). As a community, what can be done to influence families of the help that is needed? Low-income communities generally lack places for children to play and safely stay active. Since city parks have a higher chance of being in a safer and higher-income locations, parents that live in low-income communities should do everything they can to convince their community leadership they can take care of what they do have. Doing so could increase the confidence that they’ll take care of any new parks or playgrounds that are built. Speaking with the city council or writing letters to congress about the low availability of side walks and parks could raise local awareness that obesity in children is rising each day. Grocery stores also play a role in the recent negative trends. Supermarkets are typically placed in locations throughout communities where the business can make more money; therefore, taking availability of convenient healthy foods away from the poor communities. Having fewer supermarkets can lead to the promotion of low-nutrition fast food services. As people take in less nutrients from their food, they begin to have less energy to be active. These fast food services often times do not even require people to get out of their cars to order their food, which allows the patrons to put forth minimal physical effort to eat. This makes people gain even more weight and become even more unhealthy, creating an ouroborus effect, where the problem basically feeds itself to become worse. Further compounding the problem is that fast food companies provide inexpensive toys to promote business while providing unhealthy, fattening foods to children. Another major contributor to the unhealthy nature of low-income families and individuals is the insurance industry. With insurance rates at an all-time high, it is very difficult for low-income families to get the appropriate health care they need. â€Å"Thirteen percent of children in families with an income less than $20,000 and 17% of children in families with an income of $20,000-$34,999 had no health insurance, compared with 3% of children in families with an income of $75,000 or more† (Doyle, p.80). Outside of the societal causes of obesity within communities, there are also other factors to consider when it comes to the health patterns of individuals. Communities today cannot afford to downplay the importance of physical activity in children. Staying active helps fight the prevalence of anxiety and depression, both of which are major contributors to obesity. When a child sits inside alone, in front of any technologically advanced device, it can lead to psychological problems. The child’s social skills typically do not develop properly when they are unable to interact with other children. This, in itself, can cause a child to feel socially uncomfortable around others and can cause them to develop emotional problems. Staying physically active and playing outside with other children allows the child to develop socially and emotionally with others while lowering the chances of obesity. One way to fight this is to turn video games into a privilege or reward for the child, where they earn video game time for good grades or perhaps for other physical accomplishment outside the home, instead of letting them be an everyday activity that keeps them locked indoors with no incentive to exert their physical energy. Obesity in children can lead to many life-threatening illnesses later in life. About 300,000 people die from weight-related illnesses that are brought on by obesity each year. â€Å"About 29.1 million Americans or 9.3% of the United States population has type II diabetes† (CDC), which, simply put, is caused by a low-nutrient, sugar-heavy diet typically consumed by those who fight obesity. Other problems associated with obesity include psychological issues, which can become extremely serious and can lead to mental, physical, and emotional ailments. Then there are other physical, cardiovascular problems such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease/failure, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity can also increase the likelihood of developing bone disorders like osteoarthritis, growth abnormalities, and lower extremity joint and bone disorders. Some of the best resources for help are parents and educators. Speaking with these individuals can help gain awareness about the problem at hand. There are many programs available to assist with weight gain disorders, including some put on by the American Heart Association, the Lets Move! Campaign, and STEPS. The American Heart Association joined with the National Football League to develop a program known as the NFL Play 60 initiative. This program encourages children to be active for at least 60 minutes per day. Staying active for this amount of time can help reverse the growing trend of childhood obesity. Former First Lady Michelle Obama made it a priority to aim at curbing the rising rates of childhood obesity by founding the Lets Move Campaign. This program was designed in 2010 as a direct way to solve the problem of obesity in children (Office of the First Lady, 2016). Obama’s overall goal is for there to be an easier way for children to experience a healthy upbringing and a longer future. Her program was the first obesity campaign to ever come out of the White House. This may be one reason why the Lets Move Campaign has joined so many different organizations such as the NBA, NFL, and Disney. The joining of these organizations gives children something to look up to. It inspires children to become healthy like their idols that are athletes or actors. STEPS is a community based childhood obesity program that helps families with children establish the patterns that will keep kids healthy and strong. STEPS focuses on the health improvement of children that have a body mass index above the 85th percentile for their age group. With the help of these programs and initiatives, there are enough resources available for families to help this growing rate of obesity in children. A great start would be for more parents in poor socioeconomic communities to step up to the available resources that are given and take action that is needed. If these resources aren’t available, demand they be made available by any means necessary, to include involvement of the city, county, state or even Federal government.

Julius Caesar- Brutus Cassius Who Is the better leader

In William Shakespeare?s Julius Caesar, Brutus and Cassius are very influential characters. Each character makes many mistakes with the assassination plans and the strategies at Philippi. Each man has his reasons for their mistakes, if it is either their idealism, being uncompassionate or not, fully thinking for their actions. Brutus and Cassius are very contrasting people; one man is better suited to be a leader of a battle and an Empire, than the other. That man is: Marcus Brutus. Although Brutus makes many consequential mistakes, his errors are made because his nobleness outranks his intelligence. Whereas for Cassius, his mistakes are made from poor decision making. Brutus himself knows that he is often too honourable and not as†¦show more content†¦Cassius has no morals like the Brutus does. We learn a lot about the ?evil, mischievous, deceptive? Cassius in one of his soliloquy. He reflects on the weakness of Brutus and how he is better than Brutus. He says that is he had been Brutus and Brutus him, he would not of joined the conspiracy. ?Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet I see, / Thy honourable mettle may be wrought / ?If I were Brutus now, and he were Cassius, / he should not humour me.? (Act I Scene II, L. 308 ? 309, 314 ? 315). In the same soliloquy we learn that he is a very deceptive person. He decides that he will throw letters into Brutus?s house, chair that he as wrote. Brutus will think the letters are from citizens, who disagree with Caesar and the future of Rome. ?I will this night/ In several hands, in at his window throw, / As if they came from several citizens, / Writings, all tending the great opinion / That Rome holds of his name; wherein obscurely / Caesar?s ambition shall be glanced at:? (Act I, Scene II, L315 ? 320.) Deceptiveness is one of Cassius gr eatest strengths. A man who is as deceptive as Cassius is not fit to lead a battle, not to mention an Empire. They have one final obvious reason why Cassius is indisputably not suited for leader is that in troubled times he loses control, and does not know what to do. Before the assassination Cassius is veryShow MoreRelatedNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince and Shakespeares Julius Caesar958 Words   |  4 Pageslessons idealistic and unrealistic for leaders. Machiavelli wrote his book, The Prince, to show the ruling Meddici family that the world is not a fairy tale. Prior to Machiavelli writing The Prince, the majority of books depicted people as virtuous and ethical. However, The Prince is not the only work of literature that manifests Machiavellian techniques. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar utilizes similar methods. As shown in Julius Caesar and The Prince, a leader who follows Machiavelli’s advice willRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis1546 Words   |  7 Pagesplays, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, it demonstrates that being too trusting of someone could end with b ad consequences. 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Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, Free Essays

Introduction and Aims Having completed a period of work experience within a childcare environment, I have gained a wide variety of experience and developed my own personal attributes, which I feel will ultimately enable me to become a valuable and responsible member of a childcare team, focusing on youth studies and social policy (Farrell Travers, 2005). This personal statement aims to chart the journey which I have undergone in the last year, including looking at those attributes and skills that I have either developed or improved, as a result of applying the learning which I have obtained during my time operating within a work experience environment. Crucially, I also had the opportunity to speak with far more experienced individuals than myself and this gave me an insight into how my career was likely to develop, from this point onwards. We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am currently coming to the end of my second year of studies and therefore, whilst I gained considerable knowledge during this work experience, there are still certain aspects of my own personal development which I need to focus on and further areas of development that will enable me to become even more efficient, in the future (Sanderson Percy-Smith, 1995). Work Experience Background My work experience took place within a childcare environment, dealing with eight year old children. I worked alongside several different professionals, including those who dealt with the day-to-day care of the younger children, as well as those involved more in the policy development of new skills among the older children, such as preparing them for formal education and supporting those who were already in formal education (Callender, 2000). I worked primarily alongside the lead individuals dealing with children of school age, i.e. those who were six to eight years old and this involved looking at the types of activities and work they were undertaking during the school day, in order to ensure that childcare activities outside of the school day, at the very least, did not contradict the work being undertaken within the school environment. A greater emphasis was also placed on social and emotional skills which were seen to be developing at a rapid rate during this age category, particu larly when children entered formal education for the first time (Pettit et al 1999). Skills, Attributes and Values Gained During Work Experience During my work experience within a childcare environment several skills attributes and values were gained. Many of these were gained as a result of shadowing a very experienced member of the team, as it enables me to identify ways in which I could potentially operate, in the future. The main skills which I gained during this work experience included the ability to think in a much more rounded way about situations being presented to me. During my first year of education, a large proportion of the activities were based on developing the ability to complete worksheets that would be appropriate for the children in my care, as well as much of the administrative activity that I perceived to be central to the childcare environment (Training and Employment Agency 1999). Whilst it remained important to follow educational policies, particularly with those children who were already of compulsory school age, I became much more aware of my need to adapt and to be flexible to the needs of the chil dren, rather than simply shoehorning the day-to-day activities within the childcare environment into my chosen plan or policy. I also gained a much greater value when it came to the discussions with children and recognising the importance of social interaction and giving children the opportunity to express themselves (UEA, 2002). My own ability to identify potential social and psychological problems, as well as identifying children who were possibly having issues outside the immediate childcare environment increased dramatically, as a result of shadowing my mentor and spending time simply observing activities within the childcare environment (Smith Barker, 2000). Personal Skills and Attributes for Employability Many of the skills and attributes which I developed in myself were those that I identified in the more experienced member of the staff and I felt would be good as transferable skills within my future studies. However, although the focus here was on children between the ages of six and eight, these skills could potentially be applied across a broad range of different ages and this is therefore something that will be useful for me in my future work experience and employment. The ability to identify key policy issues and then apply them in a wide variety of different situations is incredibly useful and a central aspect of my studies. Understanding underlying social policies is also critical, as anyone involved in a childcare environment needs to be able to look at the broader social implications, so that the day-to-day work that is undertaken with the children supports these social policies (Munton, et al 2001). I also feel that I have developed additional skills in terms of identifying the various different needs of children, depending on their demographic situation. This type of understanding, again, will be useful in a wide variety of different situations. Moreover, the ability to apply policies and practices in a sensitive and appropriate manner will provide useful opportunities for me, in the future, particularly when it comes to leading change within a childcare environment (SQW and NOP, 2002). Next Steps and Career Development Following on from this period of work experience and when combined with the skills and knowledge which I achieved during my first two years at university, I feel that I am now ready to look towards applying these skills in a practical sense (Alderson, 1995). Furthermore, I am looking for opportunities to work within an environment that will enable me to lead change and develop new working approaches that were potentially allow the childcare environment to adapt to different situations, rather than following strict lesson plans or care plans. By placing a heavy emphasis on dealing with general social policies, I feel that I shall be much better placed for establishing ways of working which are not currently being used and this is where I intend to focus my work, in the future. References Alderson, P, (1995), Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and Social Research London: Barnardos Callender, C, (2000), The Barriers to Childcare Provision Department for Education and Employment Research Report 231 London: Stationery Office Farrell, P., Travers, T. (2005). A healthy start: Mental health promotion in early childhood settings.Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(2), 1–10. Munton, A, McCullum, B, Rivers, K, (2001), Childcare Quality Improvement and Assurance Practices Department for Education and Employment, Research Report 266 Pettit, G, Bates, J, Dodge, K, Meece, D, (1999), ‘The Impact of After School Peer Contact on Early Adolescent Externalising Problems in Moderated by parental Monitoring, Perceived Neighbourhood Safety and Prior Adjustment’, Child Development, 70, p768-778 Sanderson, I, Percy-Smith, J, (1995), The Out of School Childcare Grant Initiative: An Interim Evaluation Department for Education and Employment, Research Series no 44 Smith, F, Barker, J, (2000), The Childcare Revolution: A Decade of Kids’ Clubs London: Kids’ Clubs Network SQW and NOP, (2002) The 2001 Childcare Workforce Surveys Department for Education and Skills Training and Employment Agency (1999), An Evaluation of Playcare Report by Policy Research Institute for Training and Employment Agency, Belfast UEA, (2002), A National Evaluation of Breakfast Clubs Department of Health How to cite Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement,, Essay examples

Essential Element of Contract System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Essential Element of Contract System. Answer: Introduction: In the case of Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] Q.B. 801 the plaintiff had suffered losses because of the misinformation provided by the claimant. In this case the misinformation was not provided deliberately but reasonable steps could have been taken by the defendant to avoid the misinformation being provided. The court held that the actions of the defendant accounts to negligent misrepresentation. The court further ruled that in situation of a negligent misrepresentation the aggrieved party may claim any consequential damages and also has the right to recession. A consideration is an essential element of a contract. There are certain rules which are provide by precedent case laws to determine that a consideration is lawful or not. One of such rules had been used in the case of Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605. In this case Mr Foakes has been provided an order to get payments from Mrs Beer. She told Mr Foakes that she will accept 500 now and rest later and would not take any interest. However the court held that Mrs Beer is entitled to the interest as no additional consideration has been provided by the defendant to forgive the interest. However where a promise changes the position of the party not may be enforced though the equitable promissory estoppels doctrine even without a consideration as per the case of Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 WLR 800 . The doctrine forces the person making a promise to comply with it if it would be inequitable otherwise. In the landmark case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC Ch J90 the issue of counter offers and their effects on the first initial offer had been discussed by the court. It had been ruled by Lord Langdale in the cases that the initial offer is cancelled by a counter offer. Wrench had made an offer to Hyde to sell his farm at 1000. Hyde stated that he will purchase the farm at a price of 950. However Wrench did not accept the offer. Hyde then decided to purchase the farm at 1000 which was the original offer. However Wrench did not agree and Hyde claimed a contract. The court held that there was no contract as the counter offer of 950 canceled the initial offer. In contract law, general a past consideration is not considered to be valid and thus does not have any legal significance. In the case of Roscorla v Thomas [1842] EWHC J74 it had been ruled by the court that past consideration cannot be considered for the purpose of claiming damages under the provisions of contract law. However in the case of Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 17 it had been ruled by the court that where the action has been done on the requires of the promisor and there was an understanding that the act is to be compensated then past consideration is valid. Richard has approached with Shocks Are Us to purchase new shock observers for his jeep. He has been informed by their agent that the most suitable shock observers which could function on rough ground are that of D200. However D200 were not suitable for rough ground and as a result the Jeep crashed and suffered damages of $2000. The representation provided by the agent was therefore false. She has provided the wrong information negligently which was used by Richard to get into the contract. Thus there is negligent misrepresentation and Richard can rescind the contract and claim consequential damages as per Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon. There was an already existing contractual obligation which Richard owed to George according to which the rent of the lease was to be increased every year at a rate of 10%. However the George agreed with Richard that he will forgive the additional rent for the present year. Based on the promise of George, Richard invested the money he had to purchase extra tools for his business. Although if the Foakes v Beer case is applied there will be no way in which Richard can avoid paying the additional rent to George as past consideration is not valid consideration. However as there has been an actual change in position of Richard because of the promise of George, as per the case of Alan v El Nasr the promise will be enforceable. The initial offer made by Tom to purchase the car which had been valued at $20000 by Richard was at a price of $18500. The offer was not accepted by Richard as a counter offer has been made by him to sell the car at a price of $19000. This means that as per the principles provided by Lord Langdale in the case of Hyde v Wrench the offer of $18500 made by Tom has been cancelled by the counter offer of $19000 by Richard Thus Richard cannot make accept the initial offer of Tom.It has been discussed as per the above case of Roscorla v Thomas that past consideration is not a valid consideration. Past consideration means an act which has been done prior to an offer being made. Martin used to take care of Richards garage without any consideration or promise of payment. Richard promise Martin that he would provide him with his car which he gives for rent at $50 to be used for free as he had been taking care of his garage. However this is a past consideration and does not fall within the exception of the Pao On v Lau Yiu Long case. Thus no contract is formed. Conclusion Negligent misrepresentation has been made by agent of Shocks Are Us and Richard can thus get damages and rescind the contract Richard is not liable to pay George for the rent he had forgiven No contract exists between Tom and Richard Past consideration was not valid thus agreement is not enforceable between Martin and Richard. References Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 WLR 800 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] Q.B. 801 Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC Ch J90 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 17 Roscorla v Thomas [1842] EWHC J74