How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely

How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How to Take Painkiller Drugs Safely By Trisha Torrey facebook twitter linkedin Trisha Torrey is a patient empowerment and advocacy consultant. She has written several books about patient advocacy and how to best navigate the healthcare system. Learn about our editorial policy Trisha Torrey Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 26, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 06, 2020 Paul Bradbury/OJO Images/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If your doctor has prescribed you painkillers, you should be aware that pain drugs can be safe. Pain-relieving drugs, whether they are prescription or non-prescription, can help you feel better. But for a variety of reasons, painkillers can be dangerous, too. As youre probably aware, some people become dependent on painkillers or addicted to painkillers. Other dangers and side effects include stomach upset, dizziness, blurred vision, and liver damage. And if theyre taken incorrectly, painkillers can even cause death.?? Learn how these problems occur and the steps you can take to prevent them so you can be sure that your painkillers are safe. Do Read the labels and precautions Take your medication as directed Watch for side effects or interactions Don't Forget to tell your doctor about other meds youre taking Take more than the recommended dose Take other pain relievers as well Problems With Painkiller Prescriptions Even if you strictly follow the instructions, sometimes problems with painkillers can arise for the following reasons: Other medications. Your new pain drug prescription may conflict with a drug you already take.?? Its possible that every drug or supplement you take hasnt been recorded in the prescribing doctors records, or he or she may have overlooked a potentially conflicting drug. Or, you may have forgotten to mention a supplement you take that conflicts with the prescription.An allergic reaction. You may have an allergy to an ingredient in a pain drug that hasnt shown up before.??Your tolerance. You may be opiate naive, which means that your body is not used to opioids and does not tolerate them well.  Pharmacy error. When you purchase the drug at your pharmacy, they may accidentally give you the wrong drug or the wrong dose.Counterfeit pills. This is a growing issue, particularly with internet pharmacies.?? Your pharmacy may sell you a counterfeit version of a drug without realizing it. The Signs of a Pain Reliever Addiction Common Painkiller Safety Mistakes Its important to always follow the directions about how a painkilling drug should be taken. Mistakes can lead to difficult symptoms, temporary or permanent health damage, addiction, dependency or even death. Here are some of the mistakes people make with painkillers that can cause problems: Taking the drug incorrectly can mean you either end up with too much of the drug in your system, or too little.Taking drugs with other drugs can cause drug conflicts or contraindications.??Not taking the drug with food, or vice versa can make you sick, depending on the directions.Taking the next dose too soon can mean you overdose.?? Doing that frequently can lead to dependence and/or addiction.Using a second pain reliever may lead to toxic levels.??Waiting too long between doses may allow pain to breakthrough, or you may have withdrawal symptoms.Eating or drinking some foods and beverages  can interfere with pain drugs. This can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms and can even be dangerous. Alcohol, in particular, can be highly dangerous when mixed with many pain drugs.?? But even something seemingly benign like grapefruit juice can interfere with the pain-killing effect of your drugs.Abruptly stopping an opiate drug can cause  withdrawal symptoms like an increased heart rate, profuse sweating or anxiety. Taking Painkillers Safely Making sure your painkillers are safe begins from the moment your doctor writes you a prescription or you make a choice off the shelf in the drug store. Its your responsibility to take these steps to keep yourself safe: Be sure to read the labels and inserts when you purchase an over-the-counter pain reliever (like aspirin, acetaminophen or ibuprofen) or a prescription drug. These materials will warn you about everything from drug interactions to food interactions to possible damage from extended use. Use a magnifying glass to read them if necessary. If a painkiller you have been prescribed is new to the market, you should learn about the important steps to consider before you take a new drug.Remind your doctor about your other medications. If your doctor writes you a prescription, speak up about the other drugs and supplements you already take. Dont rely on your medical records because the information may be incomplete or your doctor could miss it.Ask the prescriber lots of questions. Youll find a master list of general prescription questions here. Some of them are specific to pain-killing drugs. Its important to ask things like: Is it OK to drive on this drug? Can I consume alcohol while Im taking this drug? And what steps can I take to avoid becoming dependent on or addicted to this drug?Find out which side effects are concerning. Once you begin taking the drug, you may experience side effects. Ask your doctor which side effects he wants to be informed about immediately.?? Vomiting profusely should probably be reported right away, for example, while dry mouth might be something you just have to live with. Be extra vigilant about side effects if you have not taken painkillers before because your body wont be used to them.Follow the directions for taking the drug exactly as prescribed. If you find your pain breaks through before its time for the next dose, dont just go ahead and take it early. Instead, contact your doctors office and ask what you should do. They may adjust the dose accordingly.Never just stop taking a painkilling drug on your own. Withdrawal is a nasty process and there are different ways to step down your dosage to make it easier on your body. If you feel it s time to give up your painkiller, speak to your doctor and ask about the best way to wean yourself off the drug.??Consider keeping a journal of your experience with the drugs you take. You may be taking painkillers for a period of time, especially if you have been badly hurt in an accident, or if you have developed a chronic pain disease. This is a good time to start a medication journal. Rate your pain against your pain drugs, doses, times of day, foods you eat and anything else that may factor in. If problems occur, you may be able to pinpoint when and why they began. Share your journal with your doctor, too.Finally, never take someone elses prescription pain drugs. They werent prescribed for you, and you cant know whether they will conflict with some other drug, supplement, beverage, or food you have consumed.?? Further, with advances in technology, like the use of databases to track who has been prescribed certain drugs, you may be caughtâ€"which will leave you with no legal wa y to get the medications you need. Consider Alternatives to Painkillers There may be other ways to relieve your pain that will work instead of, or in conjunction with, painkillers. You might consider complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) options or mind-body approaches to controlling pain. Or, read more about how to relieve pain without drugs. How Painkiller Addiction Happens

Childhood Obesity in Low Income Communities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1142 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Abstract One of the biggest problems in society today is childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition in which children are above the normal weight and height for their age. The percentage of overweight children in the United States is growing rapidly every day at an alarming rate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Obesity in Low Income Communities" essay for you Create order â€Å"Since 1980, the childhood obesity rates†¦ have tripled — with the rates of obese 6- to 11-year-olds more than doubling†¦ and rates of obese teens†¦ quadrupling† (Crowley). Over 30 percent of the American population is considered overweight or obese. â€Å"Obesity rates among adults and children in the United States have steadily risen in the past few decades. About 18.4 percent of 12-19 year olds are overweight or obese and childhood obesity often continues into adulthood† (Arbor). As a community, what can be done to influence families of the help that is needed? Low-income communities generally lack places for children to play and safely stay active. Since city parks have a higher chance of being in a safer and higher-income locations, parents that live in low-income communities should do everything they can to convince their community leadership they can take care of what they do have. Doing so could increase the confidence that they’ll take care of any new parks or playgrounds that are built. Speaking with the city council or writing letters to congress about the low availability of side walks and parks could raise local awareness that obesity in children is rising each day. Grocery stores also play a role in the recent negative trends. Supermarkets are typically placed in locations throughout communities where the business can make more money; therefore, taking availability of convenient healthy foods away from the poor communities. Having fewer supermarkets can lead to the promotion of low-nutrition fast food services. As people take in less nutrients from their food, they begin to have less energy to be active. These fast food services often times do not even require people to get out of their cars to order their food, which allows the patrons to put forth minimal physical effort to eat. This makes people gain even more weight and become even more unhealthy, creating an ouroborus effect, where the problem basically feeds itself to become worse. Further compounding the problem is that fast food companies provide inexpensive toys to promote business while providing unhealthy, fattening foods to children. Another major contributor to the unhealthy nature of low-income families and individuals is the insurance industry. With insurance rates at an all-time high, it is very difficult for low-income families to get the appropriate health care they need. â€Å"Thirteen percent of children in families with an income less than $20,000 and 17% of children in families with an income of $20,000-$34,999 had no health insurance, compared with 3% of children in families with an income of $75,000 or more† (Doyle, p.80). Outside of the societal causes of obesity within communities, there are also other factors to consider when it comes to the health patterns of individuals. Communities today cannot afford to downplay the importance of physical activity in children. Staying active helps fight the prevalence of anxiety and depression, both of which are major contributors to obesity. When a child sits inside alone, in front of any technologically advanced device, it can lead to psychological problems. The child’s social skills typically do not develop properly when they are unable to interact with other children. This, in itself, can cause a child to feel socially uncomfortable around others and can cause them to develop emotional problems. Staying physically active and playing outside with other children allows the child to develop socially and emotionally with others while lowering the chances of obesity. One way to fight this is to turn video games into a privilege or reward for the child, where they earn video game time for good grades or perhaps for other physical accomplishment outside the home, instead of letting them be an everyday activity that keeps them locked indoors with no incentive to exert their physical energy. Obesity in children can lead to many life-threatening illnesses later in life. About 300,000 people die from weight-related illnesses that are brought on by obesity each year. â€Å"About 29.1 million Americans or 9.3% of the United States population has type II diabetes† (CDC), which, simply put, is caused by a low-nutrient, sugar-heavy diet typically consumed by those who fight obesity. Other problems associated with obesity include psychological issues, which can become extremely serious and can lead to mental, physical, and emotional ailments. Then there are other physical, cardiovascular problems such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease/failure, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity can also increase the likelihood of developing bone disorders like osteoarthritis, growth abnormalities, and lower extremity joint and bone disorders. Some of the best resources for help are parents and educators. Speaking with these individuals can help gain awareness about the problem at hand. There are many programs available to assist with weight gain disorders, including some put on by the American Heart Association, the Lets Move! Campaign, and STEPS. The American Heart Association joined with the National Football League to develop a program known as the NFL Play 60 initiative. This program encourages children to be active for at least 60 minutes per day. Staying active for this amount of time can help reverse the growing trend of childhood obesity. Former First Lady Michelle Obama made it a priority to aim at curbing the rising rates of childhood obesity by founding the Lets Move Campaign. This program was designed in 2010 as a direct way to solve the problem of obesity in children (Office of the First Lady, 2016). Obama’s overall goal is for there to be an easier way for children to experience a healthy upbringing and a longer future. Her program was the first obesity campaign to ever come out of the White House. This may be one reason why the Lets Move Campaign has joined so many different organizations such as the NBA, NFL, and Disney. The joining of these organizations gives children something to look up to. It inspires children to become healthy like their idols that are athletes or actors. STEPS is a community based childhood obesity program that helps families with children establish the patterns that will keep kids healthy and strong. STEPS focuses on the health improvement of children that have a body mass index above the 85th percentile for their age group. With the help of these programs and initiatives, there are enough resources available for families to help this growing rate of obesity in children. A great start would be for more parents in poor socioeconomic communities to step up to the available resources that are given and take action that is needed. If these resources aren’t available, demand they be made available by any means necessary, to include involvement of the city, county, state or even Federal government.

Julius Caesar- Brutus Cassius Who Is the better leader

In William Shakespeare?s Julius Caesar, Brutus and Cassius are very influential characters. Each character makes many mistakes with the assassination plans and the strategies at Philippi. Each man has his reasons for their mistakes, if it is either their idealism, being uncompassionate or not, fully thinking for their actions. Brutus and Cassius are very contrasting people; one man is better suited to be a leader of a battle and an Empire, than the other. That man is: Marcus Brutus. Although Brutus makes many consequential mistakes, his errors are made because his nobleness outranks his intelligence. Whereas for Cassius, his mistakes are made from poor decision making. Brutus himself knows that he is often too honourable and not as†¦show more content†¦Cassius has no morals like the Brutus does. We learn a lot about the ?evil, mischievous, deceptive? Cassius in one of his soliloquy. He reflects on the weakness of Brutus and how he is better than Brutus. He says that is he had been Brutus and Brutus him, he would not of joined the conspiracy. ?Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet I see, / Thy honourable mettle may be wrought / ?If I were Brutus now, and he were Cassius, / he should not humour me.? (Act I Scene II, L. 308 ? 309, 314 ? 315). In the same soliloquy we learn that he is a very deceptive person. He decides that he will throw letters into Brutus?s house, chair that he as wrote. Brutus will think the letters are from citizens, who disagree with Caesar and the future of Rome. ?I will this night/ In several hands, in at his window throw, / As if they came from several citizens, / Writings, all tending the great opinion / That Rome holds of his name; wherein obscurely / Caesar?s ambition shall be glanced at:? (Act I, Scene II, L315 ? 320.) Deceptiveness is one of Cassius gr eatest strengths. A man who is as deceptive as Cassius is not fit to lead a battle, not to mention an Empire. They have one final obvious reason why Cassius is indisputably not suited for leader is that in troubled times he loses control, and does not know what to do. Before the assassination Cassius is veryShow MoreRelatedNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince and Shakespeares Julius Caesar958 Words   |  4 Pageslessons idealistic and unrealistic for leaders. Machiavelli wrote his book, The Prince, to show the ruling Meddici family that the world is not a fairy tale. Prior to Machiavelli writing The Prince, the majority of books depicted people as virtuous and ethical. However, The Prince is not the only work of literature that manifests Machiavellian techniques. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar utilizes similar methods. As shown in Julius Caesar and The Prince, a leader who follows Machiavelli’s advice willRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis1546 Words   |  7 Pagesplays, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, it demonstrates that being too trusting of someone could end with b ad consequences. 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Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, Free Essays

Introduction and Aims Having completed a period of work experience within a childcare environment, I have gained a wide variety of experience and developed my own personal attributes, which I feel will ultimately enable me to become a valuable and responsible member of a childcare team, focusing on youth studies and social policy (Farrell Travers, 2005). This personal statement aims to chart the journey which I have undergone in the last year, including looking at those attributes and skills that I have either developed or improved, as a result of applying the learning which I have obtained during my time operating within a work experience environment. Crucially, I also had the opportunity to speak with far more experienced individuals than myself and this gave me an insight into how my career was likely to develop, from this point onwards. We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am currently coming to the end of my second year of studies and therefore, whilst I gained considerable knowledge during this work experience, there are still certain aspects of my own personal development which I need to focus on and further areas of development that will enable me to become even more efficient, in the future (Sanderson Percy-Smith, 1995). Work Experience Background My work experience took place within a childcare environment, dealing with eight year old children. I worked alongside several different professionals, including those who dealt with the day-to-day care of the younger children, as well as those involved more in the policy development of new skills among the older children, such as preparing them for formal education and supporting those who were already in formal education (Callender, 2000). I worked primarily alongside the lead individuals dealing with children of school age, i.e. those who were six to eight years old and this involved looking at the types of activities and work they were undertaking during the school day, in order to ensure that childcare activities outside of the school day, at the very least, did not contradict the work being undertaken within the school environment. A greater emphasis was also placed on social and emotional skills which were seen to be developing at a rapid rate during this age category, particu larly when children entered formal education for the first time (Pettit et al 1999). Skills, Attributes and Values Gained During Work Experience During my work experience within a childcare environment several skills attributes and values were gained. Many of these were gained as a result of shadowing a very experienced member of the team, as it enables me to identify ways in which I could potentially operate, in the future. The main skills which I gained during this work experience included the ability to think in a much more rounded way about situations being presented to me. During my first year of education, a large proportion of the activities were based on developing the ability to complete worksheets that would be appropriate for the children in my care, as well as much of the administrative activity that I perceived to be central to the childcare environment (Training and Employment Agency 1999). Whilst it remained important to follow educational policies, particularly with those children who were already of compulsory school age, I became much more aware of my need to adapt and to be flexible to the needs of the chil dren, rather than simply shoehorning the day-to-day activities within the childcare environment into my chosen plan or policy. I also gained a much greater value when it came to the discussions with children and recognising the importance of social interaction and giving children the opportunity to express themselves (UEA, 2002). My own ability to identify potential social and psychological problems, as well as identifying children who were possibly having issues outside the immediate childcare environment increased dramatically, as a result of shadowing my mentor and spending time simply observing activities within the childcare environment (Smith Barker, 2000). Personal Skills and Attributes for Employability Many of the skills and attributes which I developed in myself were those that I identified in the more experienced member of the staff and I felt would be good as transferable skills within my future studies. However, although the focus here was on children between the ages of six and eight, these skills could potentially be applied across a broad range of different ages and this is therefore something that will be useful for me in my future work experience and employment. The ability to identify key policy issues and then apply them in a wide variety of different situations is incredibly useful and a central aspect of my studies. Understanding underlying social policies is also critical, as anyone involved in a childcare environment needs to be able to look at the broader social implications, so that the day-to-day work that is undertaken with the children supports these social policies (Munton, et al 2001). I also feel that I have developed additional skills in terms of identifying the various different needs of children, depending on their demographic situation. This type of understanding, again, will be useful in a wide variety of different situations. Moreover, the ability to apply policies and practices in a sensitive and appropriate manner will provide useful opportunities for me, in the future, particularly when it comes to leading change within a childcare environment (SQW and NOP, 2002). Next Steps and Career Development Following on from this period of work experience and when combined with the skills and knowledge which I achieved during my first two years at university, I feel that I am now ready to look towards applying these skills in a practical sense (Alderson, 1995). Furthermore, I am looking for opportunities to work within an environment that will enable me to lead change and develop new working approaches that were potentially allow the childcare environment to adapt to different situations, rather than following strict lesson plans or care plans. By placing a heavy emphasis on dealing with general social policies, I feel that I shall be much better placed for establishing ways of working which are not currently being used and this is where I intend to focus my work, in the future. References Alderson, P, (1995), Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and Social Research London: Barnardos Callender, C, (2000), The Barriers to Childcare Provision Department for Education and Employment Research Report 231 London: Stationery Office Farrell, P., Travers, T. (2005). A healthy start: Mental health promotion in early childhood settings.Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(2), 1–10. Munton, A, McCullum, B, Rivers, K, (2001), Childcare Quality Improvement and Assurance Practices Department for Education and Employment, Research Report 266 Pettit, G, Bates, J, Dodge, K, Meece, D, (1999), ‘The Impact of After School Peer Contact on Early Adolescent Externalising Problems in Moderated by parental Monitoring, Perceived Neighbourhood Safety and Prior Adjustment’, Child Development, 70, p768-778 Sanderson, I, Percy-Smith, J, (1995), The Out of School Childcare Grant Initiative: An Interim Evaluation Department for Education and Employment, Research Series no 44 Smith, F, Barker, J, (2000), The Childcare Revolution: A Decade of Kids’ Clubs London: Kids’ Clubs Network SQW and NOP, (2002) The 2001 Childcare Workforce Surveys Department for Education and Skills Training and Employment Agency (1999), An Evaluation of Playcare Report by Policy Research Institute for Training and Employment Agency, Belfast UEA, (2002), A National Evaluation of Breakfast Clubs Department of Health How to cite Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement,, Essay examples

Essential Element of Contract System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Essential Element of Contract System. Answer: Introduction: In the case of Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] Q.B. 801 the plaintiff had suffered losses because of the misinformation provided by the claimant. In this case the misinformation was not provided deliberately but reasonable steps could have been taken by the defendant to avoid the misinformation being provided. The court held that the actions of the defendant accounts to negligent misrepresentation. The court further ruled that in situation of a negligent misrepresentation the aggrieved party may claim any consequential damages and also has the right to recession. A consideration is an essential element of a contract. There are certain rules which are provide by precedent case laws to determine that a consideration is lawful or not. One of such rules had been used in the case of Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605. In this case Mr Foakes has been provided an order to get payments from Mrs Beer. She told Mr Foakes that she will accept 500 now and rest later and would not take any interest. However the court held that Mrs Beer is entitled to the interest as no additional consideration has been provided by the defendant to forgive the interest. However where a promise changes the position of the party not may be enforced though the equitable promissory estoppels doctrine even without a consideration as per the case of Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 WLR 800 . The doctrine forces the person making a promise to comply with it if it would be inequitable otherwise. In the landmark case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC Ch J90 the issue of counter offers and their effects on the first initial offer had been discussed by the court. It had been ruled by Lord Langdale in the cases that the initial offer is cancelled by a counter offer. Wrench had made an offer to Hyde to sell his farm at 1000. Hyde stated that he will purchase the farm at a price of 950. However Wrench did not accept the offer. Hyde then decided to purchase the farm at 1000 which was the original offer. However Wrench did not agree and Hyde claimed a contract. The court held that there was no contract as the counter offer of 950 canceled the initial offer. In contract law, general a past consideration is not considered to be valid and thus does not have any legal significance. In the case of Roscorla v Thomas [1842] EWHC J74 it had been ruled by the court that past consideration cannot be considered for the purpose of claiming damages under the provisions of contract law. However in the case of Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 17 it had been ruled by the court that where the action has been done on the requires of the promisor and there was an understanding that the act is to be compensated then past consideration is valid. Richard has approached with Shocks Are Us to purchase new shock observers for his jeep. He has been informed by their agent that the most suitable shock observers which could function on rough ground are that of D200. However D200 were not suitable for rough ground and as a result the Jeep crashed and suffered damages of $2000. The representation provided by the agent was therefore false. She has provided the wrong information negligently which was used by Richard to get into the contract. Thus there is negligent misrepresentation and Richard can rescind the contract and claim consequential damages as per Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon. There was an already existing contractual obligation which Richard owed to George according to which the rent of the lease was to be increased every year at a rate of 10%. However the George agreed with Richard that he will forgive the additional rent for the present year. Based on the promise of George, Richard invested the money he had to purchase extra tools for his business. Although if the Foakes v Beer case is applied there will be no way in which Richard can avoid paying the additional rent to George as past consideration is not valid consideration. However as there has been an actual change in position of Richard because of the promise of George, as per the case of Alan v El Nasr the promise will be enforceable. The initial offer made by Tom to purchase the car which had been valued at $20000 by Richard was at a price of $18500. The offer was not accepted by Richard as a counter offer has been made by him to sell the car at a price of $19000. This means that as per the principles provided by Lord Langdale in the case of Hyde v Wrench the offer of $18500 made by Tom has been cancelled by the counter offer of $19000 by Richard Thus Richard cannot make accept the initial offer of Tom.It has been discussed as per the above case of Roscorla v Thomas that past consideration is not a valid consideration. Past consideration means an act which has been done prior to an offer being made. Martin used to take care of Richards garage without any consideration or promise of payment. Richard promise Martin that he would provide him with his car which he gives for rent at $50 to be used for free as he had been taking care of his garage. However this is a past consideration and does not fall within the exception of the Pao On v Lau Yiu Long case. Thus no contract is formed. Conclusion Negligent misrepresentation has been made by agent of Shocks Are Us and Richard can thus get damages and rescind the contract Richard is not liable to pay George for the rent he had forgiven No contract exists between Tom and Richard Past consideration was not valid thus agreement is not enforceable between Martin and Richard. References Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 WLR 800 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] Q.B. 801 Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC Ch J90 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 17 Roscorla v Thomas [1842] EWHC J74

10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution

10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution The first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. Those 10 amendments  establish the most basic freedoms for Americans including the rights to worship how they want, speak how they want, and assembly and peaceably protest their government how they want. The amendments have also been subject to much interpretation since their adoption, particularly the right to carry a gun under the Second Amendment. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference, said  Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. History of the First 10 Amendments Before the American Revolution, the original colonies were united under Articles of Confederation, which did not address creation of a central government. In 1787, founders called a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to build a structure for a new government. The resulting Constitution did not address the rights of individuals, which became a source of contention during the documents ratification. The first 10 amendments were predated by the Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by  King John  to protect citizens against abuse of power by the King or Queen. Likewise, the authors, led by James Madison,  sought to limit the role of the central government. Virginias Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason immediately after independence in 1776, served as a model for other state bills of rights as well as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. Once drafted, the Bill of Rights was quickly ratified by the states. It only took six months for nine states to say yes - two short of the total needed. In December 1791, Virginia was the 11th state to ratify the first 10 amendments, making them part of the Constitution. Two other amendments failed ratification. List of the First 10 Amendments Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. What it means: The First Amendment is, to many Americans, the most sacred of the first 10 amendments because it protects them from persecution over their religious beliefs and government sanctions against the expression of opinions, even those that are unpopular. The First Amendment also prevents the government from interfering with journalists responsibility to serve as watchdogs. Amendment 2: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. What it means:  The Second Amendment is one of the most cherished, and divisive, clauses in the Constitution. Advocates for the right of American to carry guns believe the Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms. Those who argue the United States should do more to regulate guns point to the phrase well regulated. Gun-control opponents say the Second Amendment merely allows states to maintain militia organizations such as the National Guard. Amendment 3: No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. What it means: This is one of the simplest and clearest amendments. It forbids the government from forcing private-property owners to house members of the military. Amendment 4: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What it means: The Fourth Amendment protects the privacy of Americans by prohibiting the search and seizure of property without cause. Its reach is indescribably broad: every one of the millions of arrests made annually is a Fourth Amendment event. So too is every search of every person or private area by a public official, whether a police officer, schoolteacher, probation officer, airport security agent, or corner crossing guard, writes the Heritage Foundation. Amendment 5: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. What it means: The most common use of the Fifth Amendment is the right to avoid incriminating oneself by refusing to answer questions at a criminal trial. The amendment also guarantees Americans due process. Amendment 6: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. What it means: While this amendment seems clear, the Constitution doesnt actually define what a speedy trial is. It does, however, guarantee those accused of crimes a decision on guilt or innocence made by their peers in a public setting. That is an important distinction. Criminal trials in the United States take place in full public view, not behind closed doors, so they are fair and impartial and subject to judgement and scrutiny by others. Amendment 7: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. What it means: Even if certain crimes rise to the level of being prosecuted at the federal level, and not the state or local, defendants are still guaranteed a trial before a jury of their peers. Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What it means: This amendment protects those convicted of crimes from excessive jail time and capital punishment. Amendment 9: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. What it means: This provision was meant as a guarantee that Americans hold rights outside of just those specified in the first 10 amendments. Because it was impossible to enumerate all the rights of the people, a bill of rights might actually be construed to justify the government’s power to limit any liberties of the people that were not enumerated, states the Constitution Center. Thus the clarification that many other rights exist outside of the Bill of Rights.   Amendment 10: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. What it means: States are guaranteed any power not delegated to the U.S. government. Another way of explaining it:  the federal  government holds only those powers delegated to it in the Constitution.

Presentation essays

Social Issue Research/Presentation essays Marijuana ( aka grass, pot, weed) is the common name for the crude drug made from the plant, Cannabis sativa. Over 400 chemicals are in marijuana, including the main mind altering ingredient, THC. The amount of THC in the marijuana determines how strong the effects will be. Factors of the strength of the marijuana is, the type of plant, weather, soil, and the time of harvest. Another form of marijuana is a joint. A joint is a cigarette made from the dried particles of the plant. Hashish or hash, is made by taking the flowers of the marijuana plant and the resin from the leaves and pressing it into cakes or slabs. Hash is usually stronger than regular marijuana, containing five to ten times as much THC. Pure THC is almost only available though research, so substances sold on the street claiming to be THC can turn out to be something else like PCP Not everyone uses marijuana just to get high. Marijuana can be used as medicine, helping cancer and AIDS patients gain appetite and relieve nausea. If marijuana was legal, the government would be able to enact standards of quality and purity of the drug. Eliminating the street drug which is often contaminated or extremely potent, causing disease and sometimes death for those who use it. But the most basic reason that marijuana should be legal is that there is no reason for it not to be. Individuals deserve the right to make choices for themselves. Last time i checked the government only have a right to limit those choices if the individual's actions endanger someone else. And this does not apply to marijuana, since the individual using it is doing it according to his or her free will. The second important reason that marijuana should be it that there is not good evidence that prohibition decreases drug use, in fact in some cases it might increase drug use. One unintended effect o f the prohibition of marijuana is the popularity of it in high schools. It is actually easier f...